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Diabetes___糖尿病

What is Diabetes? 什么是糖尿病？

 

Normally, a hormone called insulin controls the amount of sugar in the blood. When food is eaten and broken down, it goes into your blood. Insulin helps to move any sugar (glucose) out of the blood and into cells. It is then broken down to make energy. When we have diabetes, the amount of sugar in the blood is too high and the insulin made in the body by the pancreas is either nor enough or it is not working properly.

 

正常情况下，一个叫做胰岛素的激素控制人体血液中的糖量。人进食后，食物中的碳水化合物会被转化成葡萄糖进入血液。胰腺会释放胰岛素到血液中。胰岛素使得细胞从血液中吸收葡萄糖作为他们的能量。当我们有糖尿病时，胰岛素分泌减少或者身体不能有效地使用胰岛素，血糖过高。

 

What Symptoms should I look out for? 需要注意什么症状？

 

The following symptoms could be a sign of diabetes:

这让我们感到不适。我们可能会：

 

  • feeling very thirsty 多饮

  • urinating frequently, particularly at night 多尿

  • feeling very tired 疲劳

  • weight loss and loss of muscle bulk 消瘦

  • itchiness around the vagina or penis, or regular bouts of thrush (a yeast infection) 阴部皮肤瘙痒

  • blurred vision that is caused by the lens of your eye becoming very dry 视力模糊

  • cramps 抽筋

  • constipation 便秘

  • skin infections 皮肤感染

 

What should I do if I am experiencing symptoms of diabetes? 如果我有糖尿病症状应该怎么办？

 

If you experience some of the above symptoms of diabetes, it is important that you visit your GP as soon as possible. They will ask about your symptoms and may request urine and blood tests.

如果您有糖尿病的症状，应该尽快去看你的家庭医生。他们会询问您的症状，并会给你做尿液和血液检查。

 

  • Urine test 尿糖检测

  • Blood glucose testing (HbA1c) 血糖检测

  • glucose tolerance test (GTT) 葡萄糖耐量试验

 

What are the long term risks of diabetes? 糖尿病的长期风险？

 

If diabetes is not treated, it can lead to a number of different health problems. High glucose levels can damage blood vessels, nerves and organs. Other complications caused by diabetes include:

如果糖尿病得不到治疗，会导致许多不同的健康问题。高血糖会损伤血管，神经和器官。糖尿病的并发症：

  • Heart disease and stroke 心脏病

  • atherosclerosis 动脉硬化

  • angina 胸痛

  • heart attack 心肌梗塞

  • Nerve damage 神经损害

  • tingling or burning in fingers, toes and up through your arms and legs.手足麻木、疼痛以及烧灼感

  • ulceration of the feet 足部溃疡

  • nausea,vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation 恶心，呕吐，腹泻，便秘

  • Retinopathy 视网膜病变

  • Kidney disease 肾病

  • Foot problems 足部病变

  • foot ulcer 足部溃疡

  • sores and cuts that do not heal, puffiness or swelling and skin that feels hot to the touch 脚部伤口难于愈合

  • Sexual dysfunction 性功能障碍

  • erection problems 阳痿

  • a reduced sex drive 性欲减退

  • vaginal dryness 阴道干涩

  • pain during sex 性交痛

  • Miscarriage and stillbirth 流产和死胎

What can I expect if I am told I have diabetes? 确诊后的心理建设

 

There is no cure for diabetes, so treatment aims to keep your blood glucose levels as normal as possible and to control your symptoms to prevent health problems developing later in life. There are several ways that this can be achieved;

 

目前没有治愈糖尿病的办法，所以治疗的目的是尽可能保持你的血糖水平正常，并控制你的症状，防止并发症的发生。

 

Lifestyle changes 生活方式的改变

 

For many people who are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, the first approach to treatment is to make lifestyle changes. These include taking regular exercise, eating healthily and losing weight if you are overweight or obese (a body mass index of 30 or over).This may be enough to keep your blood glucose at a safe and healthy level without the need for other treatment.

 

改变生活方式第一种治疗方法是改变生活方式。包括定期进行体育锻炼，健康饮食和减肥。这些可能足以让你的血糖稳定在一个安全和健康的水平，而不需要其他的治疗。

Insulin treatment  胰岛素治疗

 

If glucose-lowering tablets are not effective in controlling your blood glucose levels, you may need to have insulin treatment. Insulin must be injected because if it were taken as a tablet, it would be broken down in your stomach like food and would be unable to enter your bloodstream.

胰岛素治疗如果降糖片不能有效地控制你的血糖水平，你可能需要胰岛素治疗。胰岛素必须注射，因为如果口服，它会在胃里分解。

 

Insulin Injections 注射胰岛素

 

Insulin injections are given using either a syringe, or an injection pen, which is also called an insulin pen (auto-injector).

注射胰岛素注射胰岛素是可以使用注射器或胰岛素笔（自动注射器）。

Taking medicines 药物治疗

 

Type 2 diabetes usually gets worse over time. Even if they work at first, diet and exercise may not be enough to control your blood glucose levels. you may need, or eventually need, medicines that reduce high levels of blood glucose. It may also include insulin or other medication that you inject.

药物治疗2型糖尿病会随着时间的推移而加重。饮食和锻炼可能不足以控制你的血糖水平。你最终可能需要药物来降低血糖水平。这些药物可能包括注射胰岛素。

  • Medicines (glucose-lowering tablets) 降糖药

  • Metformin 二甲双胍（甲福明）

  • Sulphonylurea 磺酰脲类

  • glibenclamide 格列本脲（优降糖）

  • gliclazide 格列齐特（达美康）

  • glimepiride 格列美脲(亚莫利)

  • glipizide 格列吡嗪（美吡达）

  • gliquidone 格列喹酮（糖适平）

  • Glitazones (thiazolidinediones, TZDs) 格列酮类

  • Gliptins (DPP-4 inhibitors) 二肽基肽酶4的抑制剂linagliptin利拉利汀

  • saxagliptin 沙格列汀（安立泽，昂格莎）

  • sitagliptin 磷酸西格列汀（捷诺维）

  • vildagliptin 维格列汀

  • GLP-1 agonistsGLP-1 受体激动剂

  • exenatide liraglutide 利拉鲁肽

  • Acarbose 阿卡波糖（拜糖平）

  • Nateglinide and repaglinide 那格列奈（唐力），瑞格列奈(诺和龙)

All information about disease is from NHS website. We make every effort to ensure the information is correct and accurate. However, we cannot be held responsible for any actions as a result of using this information.本册子关于疾病的所有信息皆来自NHS网站。我们尽力确保信息正确，但不承担使用此信息所发生后果的责任。

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